Ergothioneine
CAS number:497-30-3
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Molecular Formula:
C9H15N3O2S
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Molecular Weight:
229.3 g/mol
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Brief Introduction:
Ergothioneine (EGT) is a rare, naturally occurring amino acid and a potent histidine-derived antioxidant. It is synthesized by various microorganisms like fungi and bacteria. EGT has various biological functions and is used in food, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and nutritional supplements. Research suggests it has several beneficial properties, including anti-aging, neuroprotection, and cytoprotection, and may protect DNA.
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Properities:
Chemical Structure: A thione/thiol compound [1] Accumulation in Cells: Accumulates in cells via the OCTN1 transporter [1] Antioxidant Activity: Previously suggested to exert beneficial effects through antioxidant action, but its reduction potential (Em = -60 mV) is less reducing than many other antioxidants [1] Blood Levels: Inverse correlation with aging and several aging-related diseases, such as Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s diseases [1] Lifespan Extension: Promotes longevity and healthy aging in male mice [1] Protective Effects: Protective effects against β-amyloid-induced neuronal injury and cytotoxicity, and improvements in ischemia-reperfusion injury [1] Natural Sources: Found in dietary sources such as fungi and Actinomycetes [1] Synthesis: Synthesized by specific bacteria and fungi [2] RAntioxidant Properties: Confirmed by numerous studies, with mechanisms including reducing hydroxyl radicals, activating antioxidant enzymes, chelating metal ions, and influencing heme protein oxidation [2] Redox Potential: E0 = -0.06 V, lower reactivity compared to other thiols like glutathione (E0 = -0.24 V) [2] Safety: Recognized as safe by various international organizations, including the European Commission and the FDA in the US [2] Applications: Used in food processing, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and nutritional supplements [2] Market Growth: Global market sales reached 463 million yuan in 2022, projected to reach 893 million yuan by 2029 [2] Production Methods: Produced through fermentation of edible mushrooms and genetic engineering of microbial hosts [2] Health Benefits: Potential therapeutic or preventive effects for oxidative stress-mediated diseases such as diabetes, kidney disease, cardiovascular diseases, liver diseases, and neurodegenerative diseases [2] Lifespan Extension in Drosophila: Increases the lifespan of Drosophila melanogaster and enhances telomerase activity [3] Cognitive Function: Higher mushroom consumption (rich in ET) is associated with reduced risk of cognitive impairment in the elderly [4] -
References:
[1] Ergothioneine improves healthspan of aged animals by enhancing cGPDH activity through CSE-dependent persulfidation
[2] Ergothioneine biosynthesis: The present state and future prospect
[3] Geroprotection from ergothioneine treatment in Drosophila melanogaster by improving intestinal barrier and activation of intestinal autophagy
[4] Moderating Effects of Ergothioneine and S-methyl Ergothioneine on the Relationship Between Mushroom Consumption and Cognitive Function in Elderly Singaporeans
Amino Acid Derivatives
Ergothioneine is a derivative of the amino acid histidine.
Thione Compounds
Contains a sulfur atom double-bonded to carbon (C=S group).
Thiol/Thione Tautomeric Compounds
It can tautomerize between thiol and thione forms.
Antioxidants
Scavenges reactive oxygen and nitrogen species.
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