Serotonin
CAS number:50-67-9
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Molecular Formula:
C10H12N2O
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Molecular Weight:
176.21g/mol
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Brief Introduction:
Serotonin, also known as 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), is a crucial neurotransmitter involved in both central and peripheral nervous system functions. It plays a significant role in regulating mood, cognition, and sensory processing, and is implicated in various physiological processes such as metabolism and tissue regeneration. Recent studies highlight its importance in model-based learning, where it helps refine cognitive maps by integrating multidimensional reward expectations, such as timing, probability, and magnitude. Serotonin neurons in the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) exhibit sustained activity during reward anticipation, which contrasts with the phasic firing of dopamine neurons, suggesting complementary roles in learning and behavior. Dysregulation of serotonin is associated with psychiatric disorders, including depression and anxiety, underscoring its therapeutic potential. Additionally, serotonin's interaction with gut microbiota-derived metabolites further links it to broader systemic functions.
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Properities:
Other names 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) [1] Synthesis Synthesized from Tryptophan (Trp)[2] Synthesis location 5% in the brain [2]
Vast majority (90%) produced in the gut [2]
Neuronal serotonin produced by the enteric nervous system (ENS) [2]
Mucosal serotonin synthesized by enterochromaffin cells (ECs) in the intestinal lumen [2]
Function Signaling molecule with diverse functions throughout the body [2]
Neurotransmitter regulating sleep, mood, and behavior in the central nervous system (CNS) [2]
Regulates intestinal motility, inflammation, and communication with the ENS [2]
Critical signaling molecule regulating physiological processes, including glucose metabolism, adipogenesis, insulin secretion, and tissue regeneration [2]
Related molecules Tryptophan hydroxylase 1/2 (TPH1/2) and monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A) (involved in synthesis and degradation) [2]
5-HT receptors (5-HTRs) (responsible for detecting serotonin and transmitting signals) [2]
Serotonin transporter (SERT) (responsible for regulating serotonin concentrations) [2]
Role Serotonin depletion prior to acquisition and/or expression of conditioned fear to result in a reduction in freezing [4] Impact Serotonin promotes lip sensory recovery after inferior alveolar nerve transection via histone serotonylation [1]
Serotonin transporter inhibits antitumor immunity through regulating the intratumoral serotonin axis [2]
Serotonin neurons are central to the pathophysiology and therapeutics of mental disorders, including major depressive disorder [3]
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References:
[1] - Serotonin promotes lip sensory recovery after inferior alveolar nerve transection via histone serotonylation
[2] - Serotonin transporter inhibits antitumor immunity through regulating the intratumoral serotonin axis
[3] - Improved serotonin neuron-specific viral vectors applicable for optogenetic manipulation and recording
[4] - The serotonin precursor 5-HTP and the serotonin releaser fenfluramine but not the serotonin reuptake inhibitor escitalopram impair acquisition and expression of context-conditioned fear
Biogenic Amines
Serotonin is a biogenic monoamine, a group of naturally occurring amines derived from amino acids.
Monoamines
Serotonin contains a single amine group, hence classified as a monoamine neurotransmitter, alongside dopamine and norepinephrine.
Indoleamines
Serotonin contains an indole ring (a fused ring consisting of a benzene and a pyrrole), placing it in this subclass.
Endogenous Compounds
Serotonin is endogenously produced in the human body (mainly in the gastrointestinal tract and brain).
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Zydus Pharmaceuticals is the US subsidiary of Zydus Lifesciences, focusing on the production and sale of generic drugs. Zydus Lifesciences is a multinational pharmaceutical company headquartered in India. It was founded in 1952 and has operations in more than 50 countries around the world, focusing on tumors, metabolic diseases and other fields.
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