What is titanium dioxide used for? Should it be avoided?

Release time: May 1, 2025

Titanium dioxide (TiO₂, CAS No. 13463-67-7) is a white, powdery substance found everywhere—from your sunscreen to your toothpaste, and even in some foods. But is it safe? Let’s break down its uses and the controversies surrounding it.

Regulatory Status of Titanium dioxide (TiO2)

Why Is Titanium Dioxide Everywhere?

Thanks to its brightness, opacity, and ability to block UV rays, titanium dioxide is a superstar in many industries:

Cosmetics & Sunscreens
- Acts as a physical UV filter in sunscreens, reflecting harmful UVA/UVB rays.
- Adds whiteness and thickness to foundations, powders, and toothpaste.
Food (Labeled as E171 in the EU)
- Used to brighten candies, chewing gum, icing, and dairy products.
- But take note: The EU banned E171 in 2022 over safety concerns, while other countries (like the U.S. and Canada) still allow it.
Paints, Plastics, and Paper
- The go-to white pigment for coatings, plastics, and paper due to its durability and shine.
Medicines
- Coats pills and capsules to make them look clean and professional.

Should You Avoid It? The Safety Debate

The answer isn’t black or white—it depends on how you’re exposed to it.

✅ Generally Safe

Topical use (sunscreens, makeup): No significant risk when applied to skin.
Non-nano forms in paints/plastics: Harmless unless inhaled as dust.

⚠️ Proceed with Caution

Inhalation risk: Industrial workers handling TiO₂ powder face higher exposure. The IARC classifies inhaled TiO₂ dust as a possible carcinogen (Group 2B).
Food (E171): The EU banned it due to concerns about nanoparticle accumulation and potential DNA damage, though human evidence remains limited.

❌ When to Avoid

Spray sunscreens: Nano-particles could be inhaled; opt for lotions instead.
Processed foods in the EU: Choose E171-free products if you’re cautious.

The Bottom Line

Use Case	Safety Level	Recommendation
Sunscreens/makeup	Safe	Stick to lotions, avoid sprays
Paints/plastics	Safe	Don’t inhale dust
Food (E171)	Controversial	Limit intake, especially for kids
Industrial dust	Risky	Wear protective gear

Final Tip: If you’re wary, check labels for "nano-TiO₂" in cosmetics or "E171" in foods. For most people, everyday use poses little risk—but staying informed never hurts!

Science evolves, and so do regulations. What’s deemed safe today might be re-evaluated tomorrow. When in doubt, moderation is key.